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American Lily-of-the-Valley

Convallaria pseudomajalis (kon-vuh-LAIR-ee-uh soo-doh-maj-AH-liss)

Family: Asparagaceae Native Herbaceous

American lily-of-the-valley is a herbaceous perennial wildflower native to the Southern Appalachians. It may be found in northern Virginia and West Virginia, and as far south as northern Georgia. It is found throughout most of the mountain regions of North Carolina. Its native habitat includes mountain hardwood forests or rocky woodlands at elevations of about 3000 to 5000 feet, and it tends to prefer oak forests. It grows erect, 10 to 12 inches tall, with two broad, sword-like, deep green basal leaves that emerge from the stem, measuring 6 to 14 inches long. Clusters of 5 to 15 small, dangling, fragrant, white, bell-shaped flowers appear on a slender stalk, blooming from April to June. This plant is a member of the asparagus family (Asparagaceae). The genus name, Convallaria , is derived from the Latin word convallis , meaning valley. The specific epithet, pseudomajalis , is derived from two words, pseudo , meaning "false," and majalis , meaning "of May;" thus translating to "false May." This plant should not be confused with the aggressive spreader, Convallaria majalis , otherwise known as European lily-of-the-valley. American lily-of-the-valley needs well-drained, acidic, and nutrient-poor soils and partial to full shade. It will do well under trees or in woodland areas. It is drought-tolerant once established. It grows and spreads by underground rhizomes and can form very small colonies. This plant's sweet-scented flowers attract insect pollinators. American lily-of-the-valley is very similar to European lily-of-the-valley. The main difference is that this plant has larger, longer leaves, and it does not grow in dense colonies. This plant is rarely available commercially. In some states, this native wildflower has been threatened by logging and land development. It is important to protect our native plants and educate the public about these potential threats. Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems: Monitor for aphids and snails. Leaf spots may occur. All parts of this plant are poisonous if ingested and contain cardiac glycosides. Keep out of the reach of small children and pets.

Source: NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ↗ NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, 63 attributes.

How it fits the guild

Guild layer 4 - Herbaceous Optimal soil pH Acid (<6.0)
See companions & conflicts ↓

Companions & Conflicts

Curated pairwise relationships between this plant and others in the library — who feeds whom, who competes, who confuses the pests. Green reads as a good pairing, red as one to avoid.

No curated interactions recorded for this species yet.

Also noted by NC State

Related species the NC State Plant Toolbox flags for this plant — look-alikes to tell apart, and plants that play a similar role in a planting. Ones we carry in the library are linked.

Full plant profile

Growing Conditions
Plant type
Herbaceous Perennial; Native Plant; Poisonous; Wildflower
Life cycle
Perennial
USDA zones
5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b
Light
Dappled Sunlight (Shade through upper canopy all day) | Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight) | Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
Soil texture
Loam (Silt); Sand
Soil pH
Acid (<6.0)
Soil drainage
Good Drainage | Moist | Occasionally Dry
NC region
Mountains
Maintenance
Medium
Canopy layer
4 - Herbaceous
Form & Appearance
Habit / form
Erect
Texture
Medium
Leaf color
Green
Leaf type
Simple
Leaf arrangement
Opposite
Leaf shape
Elliptical; Oblanceolate
Leaf margin
Entire
Leaf feel
Glossy; Waxy
Leaf size
> 6 inches long, 3-6 inches wide
Hairs present
No
Leaf detail
There are two, sometimes three, green basal leaves that are widely elliptic to oblanceolate, measuring 6 to 14 inches long and 2 to 5 inches wide. The tip is pointed, and the leaf base tapers and wraps around the leaf stalk.
Flower color
White
Flower value
Fragrant; Showy
Flower form
Raceme
Flower shape
Bell; Urn
Flower size
< 1 inch
Flower detail
There are clusters of 5 to 15 small, white, bell-shaped flowers that dangle or nod below the stem. Each bell-shaped bloom has 6 upturned tips. The flowers are up to 0.4 inches long and are fragrant. Blooms from April to June.
Bloom time
Spring
Fruit color
Orange; Red/Burgundy
Fruit type
Berry
Fruit size
< 1 inch long, < 1 inch wide
Fruit detail
The fruit is a round, reddish-orange berry, measuring 1/4 to 1/3 inches in diameter, and contains a few large, white to brown seeds. Fruits may be present from June to August.
Stem color
Green
Stem detail
Green, erect flower stalk.
Wildlife & Ecology
Native status
Native
Origin
East Central United States, Southern Appalachian Mountains
Distribution
Native: United States--GA, KY, NC, TN, VA, and WV.
Wildlife value
Bees are attracted to the flowers. Deer will browse the plant and wild hogs will dig the rhizomes.
Attracts
Bees; Pollinators
Play value
Attractive Flowers; Attracts Pollinators
Food & Medicine
Harvest time
Summer
Fruit type
Berry
Landscape Use
Landscape location
Woodland
Landscape theme
Native Garden; Shade Garden
Garden tags
#white flowers #poisonous #NC native #spring interest #deer browsing plant #bee friendly #partial shade tolerant #small spaces #bell-shaped flowers #woodland #native perennial #pollinator plant #fragrant flowers #problem for children #poisonous if ingested #wildflower #herbaceous perennial #dappled shade #acidic soils tolerant
Problems & Resistance
Problems
Poisonous to Humans; Problem for Children
Resistant to
Drought
Propagation
Division
Poison severity
High
Poison parts
Bark; Flowers; Fruits; Leaves; Roots; Sap/Juice; Seeds; Stems
Poison symptoms
Irregular and slow pulse, burning mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dilated pupils, headache, and confusion.
Toxic principle
Cardiac glycosides and saponins
Contact dermatitis
No
Toxicity summary
High severity poison; parts: Bark; Flowers; Fruits; Leaves; Roots; Sap/Juice; Seeds; Stems

Planted at Hunnicutt

Nobody’s planted this one yet.