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Hawthorn

Crataegus phaenopyrum (krah-TAY-gus fay-no-PYE-rum)

Family: Roseaceae Native Understory (15-40 ft)

Washington hawthorn, a deciduous tree in the Roseaceae (rose) family is noted for its attractive flowers and foliage, bright red fruits long straight thorns, and fall color. It is a small, low-branching, deciduous tree that typically grows 25 to 30 feet tall with a rounded crown. Crataegus is a genus of shrubs or small trees native to North Carolina where it is often found in low swamps and river bottoms to the east and higher mountain ridges of the west. Washington Hawthorn prefers full sun. It will grow in partial shade, although this will impact the level of flowering and fruit. It tolerates urban pollution, prefers well-drained soil, and is pH adaptable. It will grown in heavy clay soil. Because it is thorny and tolerates extensive pruning, it can be grown as a hedge for a screen or security, planted in small groups, as a specimen in a lawn, or a street tree. The fruit of this plant is sometimes called the haw. Haw also means hedge, making hawthorn mean thorny hedge. When grown from seed, trees take from 5 to 8 years before bearing fruit; grafted trees will often flower heavily in their third year. This plant has spike-like thorns (1 to 3 inches) and strong wood with a gray trunk. There are thornless cultivars for this plant such as 'Princeton Sentry' and 'Fastigiata'. It boasts orange, and scarlet to purple fall foliage. It is the last hawthorn to flower and is also the most heat tolerant hawthorn. It is tolerant of a wide range of soils but prefers moist, well-drained loam and to be planted in the full sun. Insects, Diseases, or Other Plant Problems: Insect pests include borers, caterpillars, lace bugs, leafminers, and scale. The Washington hawthorn shows good resistance to cedar-apple rust. Fire blight, fungal leaf spots, powdery mildew, cankers, and apple scab are occasional problems.

Source: NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ↗ NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, 78 attributes.

How it fits the guild

Guild layer 2 - Understory (15-40 ft) Optimal soil pH Acid (<6.0); Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
See companions & conflicts ↓

Companions & Conflicts

Curated pairwise relationships between this plant and others in the library — who feeds whom, who competes, who confuses the pests. Green reads as a good pairing, red as one to avoid.

No curated interactions recorded for this species yet.

Also noted by NC State

Related species the NC State Plant Toolbox flags for this plant — look-alikes to tell apart, and plants that play a similar role in a planting. Ones we carry in the library are linked.

Often confused with Chaenomeles speciosa

Full plant profile

Growing Conditions
Plant type
Edible; Native Plant; Tree
Life cycle
Woody
USDA zones
4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b
Light
Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day) | Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
Soil texture
Clay; High Organic Matter; Loam (Silt); Sand; Shallow Rocky
Soil pH
Acid (<6.0); Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
Soil drainage
Good Drainage | Moist | Very Dry
NC region
Coastal; Mountains; Piedmont
Mature size
Height: 25 ft. 0 in. - 30 ft. 0 in. | Width: 20 ft. 0 in. - 25 ft. 0 in.
Growth rate
Medium
Maintenance
Medium
Canopy layer
2 - Understory (15-40 ft)
Form & Appearance
Habit / form
Dense; Oval; Pyramidal; Rounded
Texture
Coarse
Foliage
Deciduous
Leaf color
Green
Leaf type
Simple
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf shape
Ovate
Leaf margin
Lobed; Serrate
Leaf feel
Glossy
Leaf value
Showy
Leaf size
1-3 inches long, 1-3 inches wide
Hairs present
No
Leaf detail
Dark green triangular leaves, glossy, simple, alternate, lobed with serrate margins, ovate 1 to 3 inches long and 1/4 to 2 1/4 inches wide. Leaf base is truncate with an acute apex. Red, orange, to purple fall color. Alternate, simple, 1-3" long, triangular-ovate with serrated, 3-5 lobed margin. Dark green above, lighter below. 1" long petiole.
Fall color
Orange; Purple/Lavender; Red/Burgundy
Flower color
White
Flower value
Fragrant; Showy
Flower form
Corymb
Flower shape
Cup
Flower size
< 1 inch
Flower detail
White flat-topped corymbs appear from April to June and last up to 10 days. Terminal and axillary corymbs with up to 50 1/2 inch flowers, white, 20 stamens, pink anthers, Β½ inch wide. Odor may be unpleasant and attracts midges for fertilization.
Bloom time
Spring; Summer
Fruit color
Red/Burgundy
Fruit type
Berry; Pome
Fruit value
Edible; Long-lasting; Showy
Fruit size
< 1 inch long, < 1 inch wide
Fruit detail
Glossy red pome clusters in the fall, September to November and lasting through the winter. Bright red, shiny, 1/4 inch wide with edible flesh.
Bark color
Dark Brown; Dark Gray; Light Brown
Bark detail
Thin, gray bark that breaks up into narrow scales as the tree ages. Bark will fall off in flakes revealing and orange-red inner bark. Flat and plate-like with thorns on it.
Stem color
Brown/Copper
Stem detail
Slender, brown stems have 1"-3" long thorns.
Wildlife & Ecology
Native status
Native
Origin
Southeastern North America
Distribution
Virginia to Georgia, Illinois to Kansas.
Wildlife value
This plant provides nectar for pollinators. It is a larval host plant for Gray Hairstreak (Strymon melinus), Red-spotted Purple (Limenitis arthemis astyanax), and Viceroy (Limenitis archippus). Red-spotted Purple and Viceroy rarely use this host plant in North Carolina. Hummingbirds and butterflies nectar from the blooms. Songbirds like cedar waxwings, quail, wild turkeys and small mammals eat the fruit. The dense branches provide nesting protection.
Attracts
Bees; Butterflies; Hummingbirds; Moths; Pollinators; Songbirds
Host plant for
Gray Hairstreak (Strymon melinus), Red-spotted Purple (Limenitis arthemis astyanax), and Viceroy (Limenitis archippus)
Play value
Edible fruit; Fragrance; Wildlife Food Source
Food & Medicine
Edible parts
Fruit
Harvest time
Fall
Fruit type
Berry; Pome

Edibility

The fruit can be eaten, raw or cooked. A dry flesh and very small, it often hangs on the tree all winter.

Uses (ethnobotany)

The wood is strong, tough, heavy, and hard, but has little commercial value.

Landscape Use
Landscape location
Lawn; Recreational Play Area
Landscape theme
Butterfly Garden; Children's Garden; Edible Garden; Native Garden; Pollinator Garden; Winter Garden
Design feature
Border; Hedge; Screen/Privacy; Security; Small groups; Specimen; Street Tree
Garden tags
#heat tolerant #deciduous #thorns #flowering tree #specimen #fruits fall #red fruits #spines #fall interest #glossy #deer resistant #fire low flammability #native garden #children's garden #edible fruits #fragrant flowers #fantz #urban conditions tolerant #bird friendly #lawn tree #food source herbage #food source nectar #food source pollen #hummingbird friendly #Coastal FAC #Piedmont Mountains FAC #food source soft mast fruit #food source fall #Audubon #non-toxic for cats #non-toxic for horses #non-toxic for dogs #red-spotted purple butterfly #viceroy butterflies #nectar plant mid-spring #larval host plant #gray hairstreak butterfly #nectar plant late spring #butterfly friendly #bee friendly #security plant #pollinator plant #playground plant #native tree #NC native #edible tree #frequent insect problems #hedge #wildlife friendly #screen #small groups
Problems & Resistance
Insect problems
Hawthorn Lace Bug; Leafminer Flies; Armored Scale Identification and Management on Ornamental Plants; Caterpillars That Feed on Trees and Shrubs; Soft Scale Identification and Management on Ornamental Plants
Problems
Frequent Insect Problems; Spines/Thorns
Resistant to
Deer; Drought; Fire; Heat; Pollution; Urban Conditions
Particularly resistant to
Washington hawthorn shows good resistance to cedar-apple rust. This plant is highly resistant to damage from deer.
Propagation
Grafting; Seed
Fire risk
low flammability

Planted at Hunnicutt

Nobody’s planted this one yet.