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Bigleaf Hornbeam

Carpinus cordata (kar-PINE-us kor-DAY-tah)

Family: Betulaceae Non-native Understory (15-40 ft)

Bigleaf Hornbeam or Heartleaf Hornbeam is a small to medium-sized, densely branched, slow-growing, deciduous tree. The tree grows to a height of 20 to 30 feet tall and 12-15 feet wide. In its native habitat, Bigleaf Hornbeam may reach 50 feet in height. The tree is frequently used as an understory tree because it thrives in shade. Tolerant of hard pruning, this tree may be used as a hedge or screen. The dense heart-shaped leaves and dark gray bark can be appreciated in any shaded woodland garden. The tree is a member of the Betulaceae or Birch Family. Bigleaf Hornbeam is native to Japan, Korea, China, and Russia. It is typically found in forests and mountain slopes. The genus name, Carpinus, is Latin for "hornbeam." The species name, cordata, references its heart-shaped leaves. The common name, Hornbeam, is derived from "horn," meaning hard, and "beam," meaning tree in Old English. This species prefers moist, well-drained, and organically rich soils. The tree will tolerate full sun, but it thrives in part shade. It has a rounded habit, but it will tolerate pruning for use as a screen or hedge. The leaves are large, dark green, and heart-shaped with doubly serrated margins. The flowers are greenish male and female catkins that are present from May to June. The female catkins produce oblong, cigar-shaped nutlets that are seen from July to August. Bigleaf Hornbeam is an attractive low-maintenance understory tree. Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems: No serious problems, though cankers, leaf spots and twig blight occasionally occur.

Source: NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ↗ NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, 56 attributes.

How it fits the guild

Guild layer 2 - Understory (15-40 ft) Optimal soil pH Acid (<6.0); Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
See companions & conflicts ↓

Companions & Conflicts

Curated pairwise relationships between this plant and others in the library — who feeds whom, who competes, who confuses the pests. Green reads as a good pairing, red as one to avoid.

No curated interactions recorded for this species yet.

Also noted by NC State

Related species the NC State Plant Toolbox flags for this plant — look-alikes to tell apart, and plants that play a similar role in a planting. Ones we carry in the library are linked.

Full plant profile

Growing Conditions
Plant type
Tree
Life cycle
Woody
USDA zones
5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b
Light
Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight) | Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day) | Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
Soil texture
Clay; High Organic Matter; Loam (Silt); Sand
Soil pH
Acid (<6.0); Alkaline (>8.0); Neutral (6.0-8.0)
Soil drainage
Good Drainage
Available space
12-24 feet
Mature size
Height: 20 ft. 0 in. - 30 ft. 0 in. | Width: 12 ft. 0 in. - 15 ft. 0 in.
Growth rate
Slow
Maintenance
Low
Canopy layer
2 - Understory (15-40 ft)
Form & Appearance
Habit / form
Dense; Rounded
Texture
Medium
Foliage
Deciduous
Leaf color
Green
Leaf type
Simple
Leaf shape
Cordate
Leaf margin
Doubly Serrate
Leaf value
Showy
Leaf size
3-6 inches long, 1-3 inches wide
Hairs present
Yes
Leaf detail
The leaves are dark green and measure 2.5 to 5.5 inches long and 1.5 to 3.25 inches wide. They are cordate at the base and have tapered points. They are hairy along the upper surface midrib and on the undersides. The margins are doubly toothed. The foliage has yellow fall color.
Fall color
Gold/Yellow
Flower color
Green
Flower form
Catkin; Insignificant
Flower size
3-6 inches
Flower detail
Greenish male and female catkins appear from May to June. The male catkin is 1-2 inches long. The female catkin is 3-5 inches long and 1.5 inches wide.
Bloom time
Spring
Fruit type
Nut
Fruit size
> 3 inches long
Fruit detail
The female catkin produces an oblong nutlet. The fruit is a showy 3-5 inch long, cigar-shaped seedpod. The fruits are displayed from July to August.
Bark color
Black; Dark Gray
Bark detail
The bark is gray to black-gray and scaly fissured.
Stem color
Brown/Copper; Gold/Yellow
Stem detail
The branches are brown or yellowish-brown and smooth. The young branches may be smooth or densely pubescent.
Wildlife & Ecology
Native status
Non-native
Origin
Japan, northeastern China, Korea and Russia
Distribution
Native: China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Inner Mongolia, Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Primorye
Food & Medicine
Harvest time
Summer
Fruit type
Nut

Uses (ethnobotany)

The tree wood is used for making furniture and agricultural tools.

Landscape Use
Landscape location
Woodland
Landscape theme
Shade Garden
Design feature
Hedge; Screen/Privacy; Street Tree; Understory Tree
Garden tags
#deciduous #privacy #shade garden #understory tree #low maintenance #street tree #attractive leaves #heavy shade tolerant #hedge #screen
Problems & Resistance
Resistant to
Heavy Shade
Propagation
Seed; Stem Cutting

Planted at Hunnicutt

Nobody’s planted this one yet.